Battle for Bihar- Cast(e) in Development

Battle for Bihar 2015 – Cast(e) in Development  

A significant event took place on 22 October 1764 in Bihar. Known as Battle of Buxar it was fought between the English East India Company and Indian forces at Buxar. The company forces under the command of Major Hector Munro inflicted a crushing defeat on the combined forces of Nawab of Bengal Mir Qasim, Nawab of Awadh Shuja-ud-Daula and Mughal King Shah Alam II. This victory established the supremacy of English forces in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and beyond.

  

251 years later, another kind of battle is being fought in Bihar. This is an electoral battle to be decided by 6.68 crore voters in Bihar. The main fight is between NDA forces spearheaded by PM Narendra Modi and a loose alliance of 3 parties called Mahagathbandhan or GA (Grand Alliance) under the joint command of bitter foes-turned-friends Lalu Yadav and Nitish Kumar. Both are tallest leaders among Yadav and Kurmi – dominant backward castes and have substantial following among Muslims. It is pertinent to mention that Nitish Kumar was aligned with NDA for 17 years (1996 – 2013) and was instrumental in bringing an end to Lalu's misrule in 2005. Miffed with anointment of Narendra Modi on Sept 13, 2013 as BJP's Prime Ministerial candidate for 2014 Parliamentary elections, he broke the coalition on the specious ground of 'secularism'. His image took a hit after his 'opportunistic' alliance with bete noire Lalu. 

The wily Lalu in his heydays was a brazen practitioner of caste politics and evolved an unbeatable MY (Muslim/Yadav) combo enabling his party RJD (read family) to rule for 15 years (1990-2005). With no aptitude for governance or development he let loose a reign of terror aka Jungle Raj driving millions of Bihari youths to other parts of India in search of education, job, security and better life. During his regime Dalits and Extremely Backward Castes (EBC) suffered , his Yadav fraternity prospered, corruption ruled the roost and criminals got emboldened making kidnapping for ransom a flourishing industry.  While the state was plunged in the darkness of anarchy, Lalu's main vocation was taking good care of his family - illiterate wife (whom he made Chief Minister for 5 years) and nine children. But he is more infamous for Fodder Scam case in which he was convicted for 5 years and barred from contesting elections. No wonder, Bihar which was considered the second- best governed state in India in 1953 in the Paul Appleby report slid down to bottom.

Lalu's party was dethroned in 2005 Assembly elections by a coalition of BJP and JD (U) led by Nitish Kumar. The biggest achievement of Nitish-led Govt in Bihar was to end Lalu's Jungle Raj.  His Govt initiated several social welfare schemes for the benefit of women, girl child and extremely poor sections besides constructing roads. The coalition ran smoothly primarily because BJP let Nitish run it and played second fiddle to him. Their good work and Nitish's clean image enabled the coalition to score a landslide victory in 2010 elections, winning 206 out of 243 seats with Lalu's party getting a paltry 22 seats. His Govt controlled crime and did basic development work like roads,schools etc but failed miserably to make headway in the core areas of power, industries and jobs. Mass copying in exams and appointment of thousands of fake teachers made a mockery of education while corruption remained untamed. All this while Nitish kept his image of a good administrator intact with the help of spin doctors. But in a caste-ridden state like Bihar, even Nitish couldn't resist the lure of caste politics. Guided by his vulpine political instincts, he did his own brand of social engineering by carving out EBC, Mahadalit and Pasmanda Muslim from OBC, Dalit & Muslim segments of electorate. So if boisterous Lalu known for his clownish antics was crude practitioner of caste politics in Bihar, soft-spoken Nitish was its suave high priest. In a nutshell, the main contribution of these two politicians with a socialist background was to convert castes into miasma of vote politics. It's not that caste politics was absent before they arrived but they were so enamoured of it that governance took a back seat. While politicians were winning elections, Bihar was steadily losing ground and suffering of poor and migration of its youth continued.

      

       Politics is war by another means and everything is fair in war and all contenders are doing the worst to show their best face as in earlier elections. The weft and warp of the caste tapestry is on full display to entice voters. While NDA has promised Bijli-Paani -Sadak (Electricity,Water,Road) to State and Kamai,Padhai and Dawai (Job, Education and Medicine) to every family, Lalu/Nitish duo who have ruled Bihar for the last 25 years and their junior partner Congress are using Caste,Religion and Modi-bashing as their main weapons. A majority of voters are likely to vote along the caste lines with Upper Caste, Dalit and Mahadalit (38%) opting for NDA  and the formidable combination of  Yadav, Kurmi and Muslim (34%) backing GA. In addition, there are 16 parties either on their own or as part of Third and Left front like NCP, SP, BSP, Owaisi's MIM and strong Independent and rebel candidates in the fray. They have slim chance of success but may take away about 8 to 10% votes mainly from GA and bag around a dozen seats. But the special target of all parties is vulnerable 24% EBCs voters who are divided into 94 castes and scattered all over the state. However, the real swing may be provided by 20 million 'aspirational' youth ( below 30 years) and women voters casting their lot with party promising development and security who may be attracted by the unprecedented special package of  1.65 lakh crore for Bihar's development announced by PM Modi in August,2015. In short, youth, women and EBC voters will decide the winner. They are more likely to sway to Modi's catchy tunes of development, job opportunities and better infrastructures than listen to shrill diatribe of Lalu and Nitish against him.

After 4 rounds of voting for 186 seats it's a neck-to- neck race with NDA slightly ahead of GA  Polling for the remaining 57 seats will take place on 5th Nov in the sensitive Seemanchal area which has substantial Muslim population and there is a distinct possibility of polarization of votes. If that happens, NDA will romp home to victory. In the worst case scenario BJP wil score a century and NDA will win around 130 seats. In case the Juggernaut of Development crushes the Djinn of Regression they may reach 160 mark. Let us see who takes the mantle of Major Hector Munro on 8th November.

Democracy's Grand Carnival: Indian Elections 2014

The largest parliamentary election in human history for which  814 million people, larger than Europe's population, including 23 million in the age group of 18-19 years are eligible to vote will come to an end next week. This mammoth exercise spread over 9 phases from 7 April to 12 May to elect 543 members for the 16th Lok Sabha is being supervised by India's Election Commission with the help of nearly 10 million civilian and security personnel, 1.4 million EVM (Electronic Voting Machines) at the 930,000 polling stations across the country.

        Though a record number of 1674 political parties including 6 national and 47 regional are in the race, the main electoral battle is between two formations NDA and UPA led by BJP and Congress respectively. As of now the Narendra Modi-led BJP, the main component of NDA seems to be far ahead of other parties in this electoral battle. If various opinion polls are to be believed, he is the star performer for the party getting support from a wide section of society except the minorities. Minorities rarely vote for BJP but projection of Modi as their Prime Ministerial candidate has been like throwing the cat among the pigeons to the largest minority in this country. Muslim clerics and Christian evangelists who have no love lost for Modi appear to have exhorted their followers to vote more resolutely against BJP in this election. Muslims have significant number of votes (ranging from 11% to over 35%) in over 218 parliamentary constituencies and it is generally assumed that since 1990's they have preferred "tactical voting" going for the best possible candidates from the so-called secular parties who could defeat the BJP candidates. In a similar vein, those rooting for Modi have made concerted efforts to consolidate anti-corruption and pro-development votes particularly among country's youth, upper castes, non-yadav OBCs and urban middle class in BJP's favour. Heavy polling in crucial states can be attributed to both the polarization factor and enthusiastic first-time voters.

        There has been palpable difference between the campaigning styles of main parties. The high-pitched election campaign spearheaded by Modi seems to have swamped his opponents. He has come a long way since the days of his slip-ups on history in Oct/Nov 2013 looking more confident, more relaxed. A dedicated and well-knit team of technocrats, researchers and stage managers, many of them from his home state have worked diligently to create "Brand Modi". His brilliantly choreographed speeches and interviews with friendly TV channels portray him as someone who, though, of humble origin yet risen so high on the sheer strength of his vision, incorruptibility and good governance. In the process he has acquired a pan-India image becoming first among the equals in his own party and captured the eyes of millions who think he can eradicate corruption, revive economy and fast-track development projects. His promise to create millions of jobs appears enticing to unemployed youth. Since becoming BJP's Prime Ministerial candidate in Sept 2013 tireless Modi has crisscrossed 25 states in the country, addressed 437 public meetings, 1350 innovative 3-D rallies/road shows and over 4000 ingenious chai pe charcha with Namo campaign, collecting groundswell of support for himself. A phenomenal accomplishment! His larger-than-life projection on a grand scale has certainly boosted the electoral prospects of NDA's rainbow coalition of 29  parties.

        A weak and uncharismatic leadership made things difficult for the ruling party haunted by economy's blue devils and djinn of corruption. Its supporters were disheartened when many sitting members declined to fight election and chose the safe route of Rajya Sabha. Inability to stitch fruitful alliances in UP, AP and Tamil Nadu increased its isolation. Priyanka's late entry in the election fray to protect the family bastions of Amethi and Rae Bareli showed desperation. But the biggest mistake was to engage Modi in a hand to hand fight by launching personal attacks on him. 

        This election will be remembered not only for the innovative use of digital technology on a high scale and money's overpowering role but also for the brazen abuse of 'freedom of speech'. Rabble-rousers cutting across the party lines disgraced themselves by bringing down the political discourse to an unprecedented low level. There was plenty of vitriol in their shallow speeches but very little room for a gentle barb, sharp wit, light humour or even plain decency - so essential for healthy political debates in a parliamentary democracy. Mud-slinging, character assassination, name-calling and all possible weapons of dirty politics were used to blacken one's opponent and whole country watched in utter disbelief. The ugly face of politicians and their controversial theatrics displayed on visual media lifted their TRP ratings and increased viewers disgust. There were very few politicians who didn't indulge in the game of muckraking. According to famous Greek dramatist Aristophanes (446 BC - 386 BC) the characteristics of a popular politician include "a horrible voice, bad breeding and a vulgar manner". A majority of campaigners did even better.

        Coming back to the elections, whatever may be the final tally on May 16, Modi-mania generated on the promising slogan of development and corruption-free governance will prevail over Modi-phobia created by the votaries of secularism. Congress would be lucky to score a century of seats while their main rival BJP would be well-placed to score a double century enough to ensure Modi a place in the sun. Among the other stakeholders, TMC,  AIDMK, TDP, TRS and BJD will improve on their 2009 performance while SP, JD(U), NCP and DMK  will  shrink. The new entrant AAP should get good votes for their gutsy style of campaigning but very few seats. By all reckoning, NDA will form the next government even if they fall short of the magic figure of 272 as more parties would love to jump on their bandwagon.

http://rksingh167.blogspot.in/2013/11/destination-delhi-2014.html

AAP's Music: Symphony of Hope or Cacophony of Despair

        AAP (Aam Aadmi Party) led by tenacious Arvind Kejriwal arrived on Indian political horizon with a bang on Dec 8, 2013 winning 28 out of 70 seats in the Delhi Assembly elections finishing behind BJP who got 32 seats. The vanquished party (Congress) in a tactical move, not liked by many Congressmen offered them unconditional support and Arvind Kejriwal became 7th Chief Minister of Delhi embarking on his maiden legislative journey amid great excitement of his supporters and grave concern of detractors.

        Getting to the chair was the easy part, it seems now, as problems started cropping up in quick succession mostly owing to their callowness, over-confidence and on few occasions  sheer insolence. The antics of Kejriwal and some of his ministerial colleagues suddenly elevated to power and drunk on the heady cocktail of ambition, arrogance and inexperience created a near mayhem in Delhi for two weeks of their rule and the media had a busy time. Bizarre incidents of travel by metro for oath ceremony, Janata darbar fiasco, controversy on Kejriwal's accommodation and security, vigilante-style functioning of his ministers, sitting on dharna by Chief Minister took the shine off from its stunning electoral debut. Reports in media of fake members joining the party and expulsion of a MLA who was denied ministerial berth further tarnished the fledgling party's image and may dissuade potential members.

        Leaving behind those nightmarish episodes, Kejriwal should focus on administration so that he can showcase his achievements of first 100 days in power- the usual honeymoon period allowed to a new government. As he does not have a magic lamp, he should set a modest target and focus on those items from his extensive laundry list which are less complicated and can be done within a short period. Apart from water, power and public transport, issues affecting the lives of common man like Govt hospitals/schools, roads, women's security, rain water harvesting should be on his menu. Rather than tinkering with the existing system, he could open up the system itself and show its functioning to the public using modern IT tools, something like an open kitchen. But he should refrain from conducting official business in maidans and stadiums instead of  Assembly and  Secretariat. Resorting to acts of symbolism, populism and gimmickry will not fetch his party extra votes and he may become all hat and no cattle. Unguarded comments (on Kashmir and Maoists), sweeping remarks (on corrupt politicians), indiscriminate announcements (on Khap panchayat) will spread confusion and bitterness. He will be lost in the warren of narrow vision if he tried his hands at too many things. Kejriwal would do well to remember the golden saying, "One thing at a time and that done well, is a very good rule as many can tell".

        A word about the man of the moment - Kejriwal started his career in 1989 with Tata Steel after finishing IIT, joined IRS in 1995, founded an NGO Parivartan in 1999 while still in Income Tax Department which he left in 2006, was associated with RTI, Jan Lok Pal movements, participated in Anna Hazare Movement in 2011 and parted ways to form Aam Aadmi Party in Nov 2012. He is young, courageous, street smart and media savvy but the way he fell out with his mentors like Aruna Roy and Anna Hazare and former comrades like Kiran Bedi betrays his individualistic streak.

        Kejriwal is not an 'Anarchist' and after becoming CM, he is no longer an 'Activist'. He should also not dream of bringing a political revolution in India because he lacks the vision, stature and charisma of intellectual giants from Trotsky (Permanent revolution - 1905) to JP (Total Revolution - 1974) who exhorted the masses to bring a revolutionary change in people's life but failed to bring the new dawn. Even movements like Arab Spring (2010) and Anna Hazare (2011) which engendered mass protests and generated great hope could not succeed in improving the living conditions of common man. As a full-fledged politician his priority should be to provide a clean government, devoid of functional anarchy, in Delhi. It would not be easy as both his unwilling accomplice (Congress) and those who missed the chair by a whisker (BJP) will make things difficult for him.

        To replicate the Delhi experiment in other parts of India, he would require a cadre-based party which may take years to build but that is the right way to go. A proper screening would eliminate fake members and prevent those trying to leap on its bandwagon. Past experience has shown that political leaders and parties take time to grow and mature. Today's strong regional parties like SP, BSP, AIDMK, TMC, TDP, BJD and their leaders have been in existence for decades. Drawn into the vortex of real politics, always a treacherous terrain, Kejriwal will need patience and nerve to play a long innings as in a 5-day test match rather than its shorter version of T-20. If AAP can win even a dozen seats in 2014 elections and about 5% popular votes on its own, people will forget its cacophonous beginning and hope for an amazing symphony in 2019. Failure to do so will merit soul-searching and taking AAP back to basics or disband it altogether and rejoin the biradari of activists. 

Also see: The Kejriwal phenomenon

Corruption - Road to Perdition

              Like a short spell of light rains in the hot summer months, victory in Karnataka assembly elections will provide much-needed relief to Congress party. But this will be a temporary relief. Things will heat up soon. To be sure, it is not a spectacular victory for Congress, rather an expected drubbing for BJP. The electorates have taught the latter a deserving lesson. The message from Karnataka is loud and clear. Corruption is now the most serious offence in the eyes of electorate, punishable with denial of votes to the perpetrators. Poor governance and lack of development also rank very high on the voters negative list. A leader is a dealer in hope but in India we have to be content with wheeler dealers.

              Hope the two major national parties dreaming to form the next government at the center have got the message right. First BJP, the main opposition party in the parliament. They would do well to remember the famous words attributed to French diplomat Talleyrand about the restored Bourbon dynasty after the abdication of Napoleon "they had learnt nothing and forgotten nothing". Apparently, BJP have learnt nothing after debacles in Jharkhand, Uttarakhand and Himachal to name a few. Perhaps, they would become wiser after their thrashing in Karnataka. A party which till the other day took pride in calling itself a party with a difference is a totally different party now. They may be less corrupt, more democratic and development-oriented but are bereft of new ideas. They do not seem to have added new voters and will continue to face drought of sizeable minority votes. In short, a pedestrian party surviving only because their main opponent is sinking in the quagmire of sleaze and sloth. It has some competent and honest leaders but the party as a whole does not inspire confidence. Only a Lehar (wave) can take them near the 180 mark. And they may well be tempted to play the Narendra Modi card to generate this wave. Will that work? 

              The situation of Congress is worse. They have simply lost the confidence of the man on the streets. The life of an ordinary man has become insecure as never before but this supine government is unable to do much. However, when it comes to the lives of VIPs, nothing is left to chance. In fact, the union Home Minister has created an unprecedented record by providing the highest security cover (Z plus category) to the country's top corporate leader who lives in the most expensive house in the world. Being the wealthiest Indian he could have easily paid for the best available personal security system in the world. By the way, he is the same gentleman who is reported to have boasted that "Congress toh ab apni dukaan hai" (courtesy Nira Radia tapes). Coming on the hot topic of corruption, as if their big-ticket scams like CWG, 2G and Coalgate were not enough, Congress-led UPA-II government have also dirtied their hands with smaller ventures like Adarsh gate, Chopper gate and now Rail gate. But for the courageous and exemplary intervention of judiciary, laudable work of CAG and alacrity of a vigilant media, the country would not have been able to watch the corruption item numbers in 3D. People are so aghast and distressed at this sordid state of affairs that they are waiting for elections to fix the fixers. We know from the tales of "Arabian nights", that only a greedy and reckless Cassim gets caught while the smart Ali Baba manages to escape. Both brothers have their clones in the murky world of Indian politics.

              Political power is like poison, confessed Congress main hope Rahul Gandhi in an emotional speech a few months back. Looking at the kind of life enjoyed by the beneficiaries of this system, he should have said that power is like nectar. Once you have it you don't need anything and if you don't have it, it does not matter what else you have. Contrast the lifestyle of these lotus-eaters living in a land of milk and honey with the pathetic conditions of millions who gave them this power. Do we need to say anything more? In 2009, when he commenced his second innings no one would have imagined that an honest, hard-working and humble person like Dr. Manmohan Singh would come to be associated with corruption and his opponents would dare to point fingers straight at him. A tragic paradox but incredibly true! It remains a mystery as to why he has not quit so far. Loyalty to the leader who gave him the job or lure for the chair or both? One day we may know. Decent man that he is he should not have descended so low. We can only hope that history will be kind to him. Here one is reminded of the lamentations of Thomas Wolsey, Chief Adviser to King Henry VIII in the 15th Century England, "If I had served my God as I did my King, He would not have given me over in my grey hairs ".

              Make no mistake. Corruption, as things stand today, will be the single most deciding factor in the forthcoming elections to the State assemblies and Parliament. For the political class which loves to perpetuate this unholy and unfair dispensation, it is time to reflect on the sane advice of famous Swiss psychotherapist Carl Jung, "The man who promises everything is sure to fulfill nothing, and everyone who promises too much is in danger of using evil means in order to carry out his promises, and is already on the road to perdition".

 FDI in Retail in India --- Incredible Myth or Plausible Reality

  

FDI in retail (100% in multi-brands) is our current national obsession. To some (read middlemen/ traders lobby) it would be a calamity, will create massive unemployment, increase inflation, bring misery to the millions, mostly poor, in this country and, therefore, totally unwelcome. To many (the much-harassed consumers, high-end farmers and corporates) it would be a much-needed revolutionary step in the right direction, just a trifle short of panacea. But first the facts and the ground-realities.

India has nearly 600 million farmers, 1200 million consumers and 5 million traders. In a written reply to the Parliament in April, 2012, it has been stated by the Government that India is now World's 2nd largest producer of Vegetables and Fruits after China with a total production of 77.52 million tons of fruits and 149.61 million tons of vegetables in 2011-12. During 2010-11, we also exported vegetables and fruits to many countries to the tune of Rs. 3856 crores (US $ 760 million). However, if we care to read a report of Central Institute for Post Harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana published in 2010 it says that nearly 18% of our vegetables and fruits production worth Rs.44000 crores (US$ 8 billion)are wasted annually due to lack of cold storage facilities and other factors. For such a huge country like India there are only 5400 cold storages with nearly half of them in UP, Punjab and W. Bengal. 4875 of these belong to the private sector, 400 run by the co-operatives and only 125 by the public sector units. As stated by the union Minister of state for Food and Agriculture only 2% of the total horticulture production in the country is being processed now as compared to 15% in China and 8% in the Asia-Pacific countries. For a country with over 300 million people below poverty line this loss is colossal and avoidable. The absence of a farm to fork retail policy compels the consumers to pay a heavy premium for shortages and wastages.

The stranglehold of middlemen and greedy traders is at the root of rural poverty and a major cause for the pathetic condition of the farmers all over India. Fruits and vegetables which are perishable commodities pass through 5 to 6 layers of middlemen and due to addition of margin at every stage there is a huge difference in the farm gate, wholesale and retail price. So a humble potato for which a humbler farmer has to console himself with a price of Rs 2 a Kilogram will cost the consumer ,the last link of this complex  chain, anything between Rs 10 to 12. A cool profit of 600% to the dreaded middlemen blessed with a Midas touch. The middlemen and some traders are responsible for hoarding and black marketeering to a great extent.

 Indian farmer who has earned a good name for his innovative skills, fortitude and immense capacity to work hard in adverse conditions not only in his own country but over a dozen countries in the Asia, Africa, Caribbean and North America fails to get a fair price for his toils and sustained labour at home even after 65 years of Independence. Every year they are fleeced by the unscrupulous middlemen and traders as neither the farmers/producers nor various government agencies are in a position to ensure proper marketing of products. The only practical solution to mitigate their plight is direct and bulk purchase by the large retailers.

 This is why we need 100% FDI in multi-brand food-based retail. Contrary to what the skeptics may say even they know within their hearts that the foreign retailers would bring back-end infrastructure via: - cold chains, refrigeration, packaging, storage, transportation and introduce much-needed efficiency and modern practices in the supply and distribution chain. They will procure in bulk and sell at competitive price. Their entry will promote agricultural growth by increasing farmers income, creating efficient  Small and Medium Industries, providing several million jobs in the small and medium industries as well as logistics sectors for both the skilled and unskilled unemployed, enhance manpower and skill development, bring additional revenue to the exchequer, save massive wastage which would become available for domestic use/exports. Surely, the big MNC giants like Wal-Mart, Tesco, Carrefour and others are not coming to India for charity. They too will make profit but not even remotely comparable to what the Indian middlemen/traders are making. Further, they would not dare to sell the consumer sub-standard or adulterated foodstuff or pesticide-ridden fruits and vegetables. The unhygienic conditions of the shops and problem of under-weighing would also disappear. All these benefits will accrue to the consumers.

Some of the countries who have benefited by allowing 100% FDI in retail include China, Russia, Indonesia, Thailand, South Africa, Brazil and Argentina. However, before taking a plunge the government will have to  evolve clear-cut policies that provides a level-playing field to foreign and Indian big players and protect small retailers by having a legal framework that prohibits retail giants, both Indian and foreign, to indulge in predatory pricing and other unethical practices. Since the predominant retail (up to 98%) is in the unorganized sector and consists of Mom and Pop shops, convenience (Kirana) stores, street hawkers, peddlers on the wheels and pavements, village markets, it is imperative that  an enforcement mechanism is in  place  to ensure that small retailers are not dislocated by unfair means by the large ones. In particular, the foreign investors should be asked to make a real contribution to the development of infrastructure, logistics and agro-processing units. Then, it would be a win-win situation for everyone except the middlemen. The farmer gets a better price for his labour, consumers pay lesser price for a quality product with more variety to choose from. For the Small retailer it would be business as usual with a smaller margin but higher productivity and better services. The government earns more revenue and the nation and its people get world-class infrastructure.

FDI in multi-brand retail which could be one of the sunrise sectors for the Indian economy is a political hot potato right now and major opposition parties would love to upset Congress's apple cart if it finally decides to go ahead. It would be a tad difficult to evolve a political consensus and get all political parties on board. But for the ruling party suffering from the ill-effects of one scam after another in the last 3 years, election reverses in several states,  acquiring dubious tags of '' policy  paralysis'',  ''direction-less'', ''underachiever''  and the next general election looming large,  it would be a good idea to  bite the bullet on this thorny issue. They should engage with every party and try to get this through by consensus, if possible. Who knows they might repeat their performance of July 2008 on Indo-US Nuclear deal. If their pull, pressure and persuasion work with the usual suspects, they will triumph and the win would energise their demoralised cadre. The main opposition party should handle this issue with gravitas. Any faux pax and they would be reduced to calling the clinched FDI deal as sour grapes. In the bargain, they would also lose a large chunk of their main supporters - urban middle class.